Here is an implementation for the optimization the momentum in the Stochastic Gradient Descent.
Hyperparameter tuning is one of the big costs of deep learning. State-of-the-art optimizers, such as Adagrad, RMSProp and Adam, make things easier by adaptively tuning an individual learning rate for each variable. This level of fine adaptation is understood to yield a more powerful method. However, our experiments, as well as recent theory by Wilson et al., show that hand-tuned stochastic gradient descent (SGD) achieves better results, at the same rate or faster. The hypothesis put forth is that adaptive methods converge to different minima (Wilson et al.). Here we point out another factor: none of these methods tune their momentum parameter, known to be very important for deep learning applications (Sutskever et al.). Tuning the momentum parameter becomes even more important in asynchronous-parallel systems: recent theory (Mitliagkas et al.) shows that asynchrony introduces momentum-like dynamics, and that tuning down algorithmic momentum is important for efficient parallelization.
We revisit the simple momentum SGD algorithm and show that hand-tuning a single learning rate and momentum value makes it competitive with Adam. We then analyze its robustness in learning rate misspecification and objective curvature variation. Based on these insights, we design YellowFin, an automatic tuner for both momentum and learning rate in SGD. YellowFin optionally uses a novel momentum-sensing component along with a negative-feedback loop mechanism to compensate for the added dynamics of asynchrony on the fly. We empirically show YellowFin converges in fewer iterations than Adam on large ResNet and LSTM models, with a speedup up to 2.8x in synchronous and 2.7x in asynchronous settings.
. From the attendant blog page
YellowFin: An automatic tuner for momentum SGD by Jian Zhang, Ioannis Mitliagkas and Chris Ré.
TLDR; Hand-tuned momentum SGD is competitive with state-of-the-art adaptive methods, like Adam. We introduce YellowFin, an automatic tuner for the hyperparameters of momentum SGD. YellowFin trains models such as large ResNets and LSTMs in fewer iterations than the state of the art. It performs even better in asynchronous settings via an on-the-fly momentum adaptation scheme that uses a novel momentum measurement component along with a negative-feedback loop mechanism.
(Figure) Comparing YellowFin to Adam on training a ResNet on CIFAR100 (left) synchronously; (right) asynchronously, using 16 workers.Intro....... To try our tuner, get your fins on here for Tensorflow and here for PyTorch.
And earlier: Asynchrony begets Momentum, with an Application to Deep Learning by Ioannis Mitliagkas, Ce Zhang, Stefan Hadjis, Christopher Ré
Asynchronous methods are widely used in deep learning, but have limited theoretical justification when applied to non-convex problems. We show that running stochastic gradient descent (SGD) in an asynchronous manner can be viewed as adding a momentum-like term to the SGD iteration. Our result does not assume convexity of the objective function, so it is applicable to deep learning systems. We observe that a standard queuing model of asynchrony results in a form of momentum that is commonly used by deep learning practitioners. This forges a link between queuing theory and asynchrony in deep learning systems, which could be useful for systems builders. For convolutional neural networks, we experimentally validate that the degree of asynchrony directly correlates with the momentum, confirming our main result. An important implication is that tuning the momentum parameter is important when considering different levels of asynchrony. We assert that properly tuned momentum reduces the number of steps required for convergence. Finally, our theory suggests new ways of counteracting the adverse effects of asynchrony: a simple mechanism like using negative algorithmic momentum can improve performance under high asynchrony. Since asynchronous methods have better hardware efficiency, this result may shed light on when asynchronous execution is more efficient for deep learning systems.
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