Showing posts with label technologie. Show all posts
Showing posts with label technologie. Show all posts

Tuesday, April 22, 2008

Compressed Sensing: What Can Nonlinear Reconstruction Techniques Bring to Coded Aperture in Space and in Nuclear Medicine ?

Last week, at a presentation Jean-Luc Starck mentioned the French-Chinese ECLAIRs mission [1] still on the drawing board (it is actually very advanced as it will launch in 2009) that may benefit from some of the thinking that currently goes in the reconstruction techniques used in Compressed Sensing. As mentioned before here and here, coded aperture masks have been used in the past forty years because there was a linear reconstruction technique available. Compressed Sensing now enlarges this field by providing non-linear reconstruction techniques. And so the question is: How far will the field change because of these new reconstruction techniques ? Let me try to mention the issues that may be aided and the attendant questions that may need trade studies evaluations.

* In the current configuration of ECLAIRs, it seems that the current mask is not optimal with regards to the linear reconstruction paradigm, can the nonlinear reconstruction technique provided better recovery with the same mask or with a different mask that does not rely on the linear results ?


* In Roberto Accorsi's thesis [2], it is painfully obvious that one needs to think of the coded aperture in nuclear systems in a slightly different way than when considering light based instrumentation. This is because radiation goes through everything. Using Olivier Godet's thesis [3] one can see that similar issues pop up in the space based system. In the case of ECLAIRs, some of the weight added to the camera has to do with shielding the camera on the side. On top of this, the mask itself has to be designed so that it removes 95% of the rays passing through it in the 4-50 keV band.


Since, we can model most of the rays going through the camera (Olivier Godet's thesis used Geant and other Monte Carlo codes), is the mask over-designed ? Since radiation is a linear process, could we get more information by delineating some of the signal going through the mask, in other words, can we reduce the 95% mark down to 50% and use the nonlinear reconstruction techniques. This could initially be a mass saving issue but I am sure that this type of activity would do in advancing the state of the art in gamma ray camera for medical purposes on earth.

* Finally, as shown in the presentation of ECLAIRs, the satellite is there to respond to unanticipated bursts. Most data goes through the X-band for transmission, but the VHF band is used to alert the ground that an event is unfolding.


Can the alert system be a simple one based on the smaller number of compressed measurements directly taken by the coded aperture ?


References:
[1] The ECLAIRs micro-satellite for multi-wavelength studies of gamma-ray burst prompt emission
[2] Roberto Accorsi, Design of near-field coded aperture cameras for high resolution medical and industrial gamma-ray imaging. June 2001, MIT.
[3] Olivier Godet, Simulations de la Camera d'imagerie grand champ d'ECLAIRs

Tuesday, January 08, 2008

France: Efficacite des transferts de technologie ?

[Today I am going to post in French on an issue of technology transfer in France that I feel is not working well.]

On parle souvent de compétitivité de l'industrie francaise mais rarement du transfert de connaissance de la recherche a l'industrie. Il semble que ce transfert soit moins qu'optimal pour etre gentil. Je pensais faire un post long, mais non, donc voila:

Quelque chose m'embete et je ne comprends pas. Albert Fert, prix Nobel 2007 est a l'origine de la découverte de la Magnétorésistance géante en 1988 qui a ouvert la voie aux disques durs a grande capacité. Comment cela fait il qu'aucune entreprise francaise ne soit leader dans la confection de disques durs ? Je comprends que dans certains pays on puisse produire certains produits a bas prix mais la raison intrinseque de l'existence de brevet est de pouvoir protéger l'inventeur pendant quelque temps de facon a faire evoluer une découverte ou une idée en un produit. Comment cela se fait-il que personne en France n'ait essayé de prendre avantage de cette découverte ?

Peut-on et doit-on rapprocher cette question a une autre question: La disparition de chercheurs aventureux au sein de l'industrie francaise ? Je ne sais pas.

A not so good translation of this entry can be found here.

Graph source : Wikipedia

Tuesday, July 03, 2007

Influence des Chercheurs Francais: La derniere generation.

Nick Trefethen essaie de faire des statistiques sur les chercheurs qui ont le plus influences les mathematiques appliquees qui sont elles-memes a l'origine du development exponentiel des sciences depuis deux siecles. C'est une presentation de tout les chercheurs tres influents toutes nationalites confondues. Il y a tres peu de francais:
Il n'y a pas Stephane Mallat ou Emmanuel Candes dans la liste finale (bien que Mallat soit dans le reste de la presentation). Pour Candes, la liste est un peu vieille. Trefethen essaie de tirer des grandes lignes de l'environement de ces chercheurs (toute nationalites confondues) et il nous dit:

"...The inventors were/are almost all academic mathematicians
  • Most were extremely eminent
  • Their great discoveries came at all ages
  • About half had major involvements with government or industry (That’s big industry—AT&T, IBM, Boeing, etc.— and big government labs like Argonne, Harwell, NPL)
  • Most were seriously involved with applications
  • It’s hard to disentangle the effects of WWII.."

Il est interessant de voir que des travaux importants ont ete fait par des gens de tout ages. C'est un fait tres notable parce que il y a beaucoup de prix ou autres filieres qui sont en France et a l'etranger restrictive par rapport a l'age (medaille Fields, entree a Normale Sup,...) Pour ce qui est des francais, on peut voir trois generations differentes:
  • Legendre, il y a deux siecles
  • Bezier, De CastelJau et Morlet qui ont fait partie de grandes entreprises francaises apres la deuxieme guerre mondiale. Ils sont tous decedes.
  • Saad n'est pas francais (il est etranger dans le sens ou il n'a pas fait sa scolarite secondaire en France et donc n'a pu etre detecte par le systeme des prepas) mais il est passe par le systeme universitaire francais pour continuer sa carriere aux U.S. Candes fait sa carriere aux U.S. Mallat a evolue aux U.S. et est revenu en france et a cree une entreprise qui utilise la technologie qu'il a develope pendant ses recherches les plus recentes. (pour la petite histoire, Mallat relate son histoire pour le developement de technologies innovates en France dans : Tribune Libre sur la Recherche et l'Innovation, Gazette des Mathematiciens of the SMF, no. 121, July 2009. pdf)
Si l'on s'en tient au critere de la liste de Trefethen a la fin de sa presentation Mallat et Candes ne sont pas la, en partie parce que la liste commence a date. Il n'y donc guere que la generation qui se trouvait au sein des grandes entreprises qui ait pu influencer la science a ses yeux. Il y a un fait troublant:: Jean Morlet en particulier a ete mis a la retraite car, apres le scandale des avions renifleurs, ELF ne voulait plus etre vu comme trop innovant. Yves Meyer en parle dans son tribu a Morlet:
Morlet's scientific vision was decisive for the success of wavelet analysis. But as Pierre Goupillaud is telling us, this had no effect on Morlet's career at the Elf-Aquitaine company. In fact Morlet's only reward for years of perseverance and creativity in producing this extraordinary tool was an early retirement.
Etre innovant cela veut aussi dire que l'on peut se planter. Au vu de la date de l'affaire (1978-1983), on peut se demander si elle n'est pas revelatrice de la fin de tout paris d'innovation dans ces grandes entreprises avec l'arrivee d'un management beaucoup plus frileux et donc la cessation de toute production de chercheurs qui aient une influence mondiale. Le modele de recherche et developement au sein des grandes entreprises nationales ne semble donc plus etre reellement innovant. Si un passage aux U.S. semble etre une condition essentielle pour avoir une influence definitive sur son champs de recherche, il serait peut etre importun de songer a cree une dynamique similaire en France. Bien que Polytechnique fasse son boulot pour identifier les jeunes qui sont les plus de prometteurs, le systeme actuel echoue apres la sortie de l'ecole meme pour ceux-la. Ils sont donc obliges de passer par le systeme americain qui est exceptionel au niveau Bac + 4 et plus. Comme les grandes entreprises francaises ne sont plus la pour assurer la place qu'elles avaient en recherche, le systeme actuel ne fait plus reellement aussi aucune place a ce que l'on appelle aux U.S. des "late bloomers", ceux qui "murrisent" plus tard mais qui ont un impact au moins aussi important.

Monday, September 27, 2004

Airport Terminals Collapse

There is an eerie feeling that the Dubai airport terminal collapse looks too familiar to the Paris Terminal collapse. In fact they both have the same architect whose recent project include the following terminals:


Dubaï, Terminal 3

Charles de Gaulle, Terminal 2 E,


The commission that looked into the first collapse in Paris seemed to say that the sudden collapse is linked to the perforation of the concrete roof by the struts (supporting it). The science of concrete is a very difficult one, especially when it comes to computing its performance in an inventive type of architecture. Hopefully these accidents will be studied very carefully so we can have an answer like we did for the sleipner platform collapse which also included concrete walls.

On a related note, I think I understand how people get to be chosen in order to bid on contracts like these and I can see how a certain amount of ego goes into the decision making process. But, I do not understand how little emphasis there is on the functionality of these airports. When I fly out of Charles de Gaulle, I certainly do not expect the nice design of the buildings to give me a more interesting flight experience. I would rather that they put an emphasis on, the following:
  • Is security good ?
  • How cheap is the airfare ?
  • Can I get for free on one of these airlines clubs ?
  • Do I have an internet connection in these clubs ?
  • Can I board first ?
When I land in Paris, I look at the following:
  • Can I get out of the plane first ?
  • Can I get to customs without having to ask people where to go ?
  • Can I get through customs without having to wait for an hour (because they are all at lunch) ?
  • Can I get my luggage fast ?
  • Can I find some ATM machine fast ?
  • Can I quickly find a Taxi or a shuttle bus ?

Most of these items do not need the airport buildings to look good. Most airports including CDG fail at providing a decent solution to these expectations.

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